Thermoplastics are reusable, recyclable, and super tough
Carbon fiber composite is the dominant material for high end cycling products. But carbon fiber composite isn’t one thing: There are many different of carbon fiber composites. Recently we’ve seen a different sort of carbon fiber composite begin popping up on bike products. Plastic Sheet Extrusion Line
A few weeks ago, Evil rolled out its latest product. Named LoopHoles, the highlight of this wheelset is a rim made from Utah-based CSS Composites' Fusion Fiber. This is the same company that makes the rims for Revel’s wheelsets. When Yeti recently dropped its new 160-E mountain bike, it touted a USA-made handlebar made from a different sort of carbon fiber composite. I’d also encourage you to read Gloria Liu’s excellent feature on Guerilla Gravity, and familiarize yourself with Belgium’s REIN4CED as it ramps up production.
What ties all these products together: they’re all making carbon-composite parts outside of typical Asian-based supply chain, and they’re all made of greener (but far from totally green) thermoplastic carbon.
What makes the carbon used in the products above greener is it is a different class of carbon than what is typically used to make a bicycle. It comes down to the agent—the glue—used to hold the carbon fibers in place. Most carbon bicycles and bicycle parts are made with sheets of carbon fiber held in place by a thermoset resin (epoxy). The carbon fibers in the products above are held in place by a thermoplastic (polymer). The carbon fibers could be the same, it’s the substance that locks the fibers in place that’s different.
The main difference between the two is the “glue”. In thermoset it undergoes a chemical change when cured. which means it cannot be returned to its previous, uncured, form. While with thermoplastic, the properties of the glue do not change when cured. (If you want to get really into the weeds, you can Google up thermoset versus thermoplastic.)
Since the properties of thermoplastic do not change, it can be melted down and remolded. This means the material can be reused to make new and different parts—recycled—somewhat easily. Manufacturing scrap, a broken part, or a product at the end of its life can be chopped up to become short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic; which can then used to make smaller compression molded parts like stems. For example. if you break one of its rims, you can send it back to CSS Composites and they’ll recycle it.
Thermoset is typically considered non-recyclable, thought that’s not exactly true: it’s just so difficult and expensive people usually don’t bother (research into more efficient methods of recycling thermosets is ongoing).
Other than reuse and recycling, thermoplastic carbons are also known to offer better vibration damping, and better impact resistance than thermoset carbons. Companies that work with thermoplastic carbon also claim manufacturing efficiencies: It allows automated (robotic) layup, cures more quickly than thermoset, and the part pops out of the mold essentially ready to go—no additional sanding or other finish work needed. If you want to dress it up, thermoplastics can be powder coated which is less nasty than the wet paint required by thermoset carbons. Plus, thermoplastic carbon doesn’t have a shelf-life and it doesn’t need to be stored under refrigeration. The manufacturing efficiencies, in theory, mean lower prices. However, all the products I’ve mentioned above are priced similarly to their thermoset competition.
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I asked Joe Stanish, COO of CSS Composites (the company that makes the rims for Revel and Evil) why wheels made with thermoplastic rims aren’t cheaper than thermoset carbon wheels, “They’re not cheaper yet,” he said, “Down the road if we’re making 100,000 rims and we have the economies of scale then we can pass it on to more of our customers. Right now, what you’re paying for is the technology and R&D investment that’s on our hands. As there’s wider adoption, we can get the economies of scale by producing for a lot of other customers—which we’re working on—and as a whole it’ll come down.”
So, if thermoplastic carbon is so great, why does the bicycle industry use thermoset carbon so much more? Mostly because thermoset carbon fiber got out of the gate quicker than thermoplastic carbon fiber, so there was more experience working with the material. Plus, there is a greater variety of materials. Most of the composites, and composite knowledge, in the bicycle industry originated in aerospace. In that field thermoset carbon ruled for a long time. But as the use of thermoplastic carbons grows in aerospace, so does availability of the product to our sport.
Another reason for thermoplastic carbons slow adoption may be that it was tried before and it didn’t go so well. GT made thermoplastic versions of its full suspension bikes—the LTS and the Lobo—in the mid-1990s and they were known for being… not great. The concept behind the STS bikes was pretty neat: A continuous “burrito” of thermoplastic carbon (STS was an acronym of Single Tube System) ran through CNC’d aluminum bottom bracket, seat, and head lugs. But as cool as they looked, they were not good bikes.
A friend who worked at GT at the time, and was familiar with the STS project told me, “Headtubes popping off like icicles off your gutters in March: That was the first problem. The second problem was that to get the stiffness we wanted we threw so much material at the frame that it became a pig, heavier than our aluminum frames.”
1995 was eons ago in the timeline of thermoplastic carbon technology. GT’s STS bikes had fundamental issues not related not to the material itself, but with the design and execution of the frames. Today’s thermoplastic carbon is another beast which is why its use is on the uptick. Yet most thermoplastic carbon products are made for mountain bikes at the moment. That has nothing to do with its suitability for drop bar bikes. More than anything, it is because the people behind the stuff happen to be mountain bikers—CSS’s Stanish was a professional downhill racer at one time.
Thermoplastic parts for road and gravel are coming—though Revel is a mountain bike company, they do offer a gravel centric version of their thermoplastic wheels with 23mm internal width—and the vibration damping properties of the material seem particularly suited to non-suspended bikes. Without divulging specifics, Stanish told me “We are working on a lot of cool projects right now. I think [our thermoplastic] has the best application in road and gravel. When you talk about vibration damping for a road rim or, more importantly, a gravel rim, there’s really great attributes with this material and the damping qualities.”
I’ve got a set of the Evil LoopHoles, the Yeti mountain bike handlebar I mentioned, and a set of Fusion Fiber gravel wheels are on the way. So, I’ll be rolling out reviews of thermoplastic parts in short order. I’ll be keeping you posted as more companies adopt thermoplastic carbon and what is means for our sport and our bikes.
A gear editor for his entire career, Matt’s journey to becoming a leading cycling tech journalist started in 1995, and he’s been at it ever since; likely riding more cycling equipment than anyone on the planet along the way. Previous to his time with Bicycling, Matt worked in bike shops as a service manager, mechanic, and sales person. Based in Durango, Colorado, he enjoys riding and testing any and all kinds of bikes, so you’re just as likely to see him on a road bike dressed in Lycra at a Tuesday night worlds ride as you are to find him dressed in a full face helmet and pads riding a bike park on an enduro bike. He doesn’t race often, but he’s game for anything; having entered road races, criteriums, trials competitions, dual slalom, downhill races, enduros, stage races, short track, time trials, and gran fondos. Next up on his to-do list: a multi day bikepacking trip, and an e-bike race.
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